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A security community is a region in which a large-scale use of violence (such as war) has become very unlikely or even unthinkable. The term was coined by the prominent political scientist Karl Deutsch in 1957. In their seminal work ''Political Community and the North Atlantic Area: International Organization in the Light of Historical Experience'', Deutsch and his collaborators defined a security community as "a group of people" believing "that they have come to agreement on at least this one point: that common social problems must and can be resolved by processes of 'peaceful change. Peaceful change was defined as "the resolution of social problems, normally by institutionalized procedures, without resort to large-scale physical force".〔 People in a security community are also bound by the "sense of community", the mutual sympathy, trust, and common interests.〔 The concept has not become a mainstream term in the field of international security despite its long history. After the end of the Cold War, the concept of a security community was adapted by constructivist scholars. A major impetus was the book ''Security Communities'' (1998), edited by Emanuel Adler and Michael Barnett. They redefined the security community by shared identities, values, and meanings; many-sided direct interactions; and reciprocal long-term interest. Several regions of the world have been studied in the security community framework since then, most notably the European Union, the Canada–U.S. and Mexico–U.S. dyads, Mercosur, and Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN).〔 Michael Haas compared the Asian and Pacific Council, Asian-Pacific Parliamentarians Union, ASEAN, Indochinese Foreign Ministers Conference, South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation, Southeast Asia Treaty Organization, and the South Pacific Forum (later renamed the Pacific Islands Forum). ==Types of security communities== Deutsch divided security communities into two types: the amalgamated and pluralistic ones.〔 Amalgamated security communities are quite rare in history. They are created when two or more previously independent states form a common government. An example is the United States after the original thirteen colonies ceded much of their governing powers to the federal government. Amalgamation is not always successful and can be overturned, as the failed Union between Sweden and Norway exemplifies.〔 An alternative and less ambitious process is called integration. Integration leads to a pluralistic security community, in which states retain their sovereignty.〔 The United States with Canada is an example of a pluralistic security community.〔 Both countries are politically independent, but they do not expect to have future military confrontations, in spite of having had some in the past. Deutsch argued that the pluralistic security communities are easier to establish and maintain than their amalgamated counterparts.〔 Adler and Barnett described the typical evolution of a security community from nascent to ascendant to mature. A nascent security community meets the basic expectations of peaceful change, while a mature security community is also characterized by some collective security mechanisms and supranational or transnational elements.〔 Adler and Barnett further divided the mature security communities into "tightly" and "loosely coupled", depending on the level of their integration.〔 Raimo Väyrynen and Andrej Tusicisny〔 differentiated between interstate security communities (where war between states is unlikely) and comprehensive security communities (where both interstate conflicts and civil wars are seen as unthinkable). Western Europe is a classic example of a comprehensive security community, while South East Asia is usually seen as an interstate security community.〔〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Security community」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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